Water

Water is the solvent for most biological reactions
Hydrolysis = breakdown of macromolecules (nutrients)
examples: carbs ->glucose, nucleic acids->nucleotides, protein->amino acids, triglycerides->fatty acids
hydrogen bonds = strong intermolecular bonds of water
hydrophillic = polar portion of molecule will dissolve in water
antipathic = a molecule that is part polar and part nonpolar

Oxidation (lose) Reduction (gain)

Oxidation is losing electrons (oxidized form NAD+, donating molecule is oxidized)

Reduction is gaining electrons (reduced form NADH, accepting molecule is reduced)

coenzyme store/release energy in form of electrons via oxidation and reduction

Enzymes

Enzyme characteristics
1. lower activation energy
2. increase reaction rate
3. don't change free energy (G)
4. aren't changed/consumed

Induced Fit hypothesis
Active site of enzyme is flexible and changes when the correct substrate approaches

Cofactors-nonprotein molecules that aid in binding enzyme+substrate (ES)
apoenzyme = enzyme without cofactor
holoenzyme = enzyme with cofactor
prosthetic group = enzyme with tightly bound cofactor
coenzymes = organic cofactors that cannot be produced by the body (organic groups, biotin, vitamin derivatives)